what element is used to reduce ni cations in nickel ore to form metallic nickel
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC proper noun Nickel(II) oxide | |
| Other names Nickel monoxide | |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.833 |
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| United nations number | 3288 3077 |
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| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | NiO |
| Tooth mass | 74.6928 thousand/mol |
| Appearance | dark-green crystalline solid |
| Density | 6.67 g/cmiii |
| Melting point | 1,955 °C (3,551 °F; two,228 K) |
| Solubility in water | negligible |
| Solubility | dissovles in KCN |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | +660.0·10−6 cmthree/mol |
| Refractive alphabetize (n D) | 2.1818 |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of | -240.0 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling:[two] | |
| Pictograms |    |
| Indicate word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H317, H350, H372, H413 |
| Precautionary statements | P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P281, P285, P302+P352, P304+P341, P308+P313, P314, P321, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, P391, P405, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | [3] two 0 0 |
| Flash signal | Not-flammable |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LDLo (lowest published) | 5000 mg/kg (rat, oral)[1] |
| Rubber data canvass (SDS) | JT Baker |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(Ii) selenide Nickel(Two) telluride |
| Other cations | Palladium(II) oxide |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
 Yverify (what is  Y  Due north ?) | |
| Infobox references | |
Nickel(Two) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula NiO. It is the chief oxide of nickel.[4] It is classified equally a basic metal oxide. Several one thousand thousand kilograms are produced annually of varying quality, mainly every bit an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys.[five] The mineralogical form of NiO, bunsenite, is very rare. Other nickel(III) oxides accept been claimed, for case: Ni
2 O
3 and NiO
2 , but they have nevertheless to be proven past X-ray crystallography.[iv]
Production [edit]
NiO can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give NiO. In some commercial processes, greenish nickel oxide is made by heating a mixture of nickel pulverization and h2o at m °C, the charge per unit for this reaction can be increased by the addition of NiO.[6] The simplest and near successful method of preparation is through pyrolysis of nickel(II) compounds such every bit the hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate, which yield a light dark-green powder.[4] Synthesis from the elements by heating the metal in oxygen tin yield grey to black powders which indicates nonstoichiometry.[four]
Structure [edit]
NiO adopts the NaCl structure, with octahedral Niii+ and O2− sites. The conceptually uncomplicated structure is commonly known as the rock salt construction. Similar many other binary metal oxides, NiO is often not-stoichiometric, meaning that the Ni:O ratio deviates from 1:1. In nickel oxide, this non-stoichiometry is accompanied by a color change, with the stoichiometrically correct NiO being green and the non-stoichiometric NiO being black.
Applications and reactions [edit]
NiO has a multifariousness of specialized applications and generally, applications distinguish between "chemic course", which is relatively pure material for specialty applications, and "metallurgical class", which is mainly used for the production of alloys. It is used in the ceramic industry to make frits, ferrites, and porcelain glazes. The sintered oxide is used to produce nickel steel alloys. Charles Édouard Guillaume won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on nickel steel alloys which he called invar and elinvar.
NiO is a commonly used hole send material in thin movie solar cells.[7] It was also a component in the nickel-iron battery, besides known every bit the Edison Battery, and is a component in fuel cells. Information technology is the forerunner to many nickel salts, for use as specialty chemicals and catalysts. More than recently, NiO was used to make the NiCd rechargeable batteries found in many electronic devices until the development of the environmentally superior NiMH battery.[6] NiO an anodic electrochromic material, have been widely studied every bit counter electrodes with tungsten oxide, cathodic electrochromic material, in complementary electrochromic devices.
About 4000 tons of chemical grade NiO are produced annually.[5] Black NiO is the precursor to nickel salts, which arise past treatment with mineral acids. NiO is a versatile hydrogenation goad.
Heating nickel oxide with either hydrogen, carbon, or carbon monoxide reduces it to metallic nickel. It combines with the oxides of sodium and potassium at loftier temperatures (>700 °C) to course the corresponding nickelate.[vi]
Electronic structure [edit]
NiO is useful for illustrating the failure of density functional theory (using functionals based on the local-density approximation) and Hartree–Fock theory to account for the strong correlation. The term stiff correlation refers to behavior of electrons in solids that is non well described (often not even in a qualitatively right style) by simple one-electron theories such as the local-density approximation (LDA) or Hartree–Fock theory.[viii] [ citation needed ] For instance, the seemingly simple material NiO has a partially filled 3d-band (the Ni atom has 8 of x possible 3d-electrons) and therefore would exist expected to be a good conductor. However, strong Coulomb repulsion (a correlation effect) between d-electrons makes NiO instead a wide ring gap Mott insulator. Thus, NiO has an electronic structure that is neither simply gratuitous-electron-like nor completely ionic, only a mixture of both.[ix] [10]
Health risks [edit]
Long-term inhalation of NiO is dissentious to the lungs, causing lesions and in some cases cancer.[11]
The calculated half-life of dissolution of NiO in the blood is more than ninety days.[12] NiO has a long retention one-half-time in the lungs; after administration to rodents, it persisted in the lungs for more than than 3 months.[13] [12] Nickel oxide is classified every bit a man carcinogen[14] [15] [16] [17] [eighteen] [nineteen] based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers.[20]
In a 2-yr National Toxicology Program green NiO inhalation study, some testify of carcinogenicity in F344/N rats but equivocal evidence in female B6C3F1 mice was observed; there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male person B6C3F1 mice.[14] Chronic inflammation without fibrosis was observed in the 2-year studies.
References [edit]
- ^ "Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Nickel oxide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
- ^ "Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). Northwest Missouri State University.
- ^ a b c d Greenwood, Norman Northward.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 1336–37. ISBN978-0-08-022057-4.
- ^ a b Kerfoot, Derek 1000. E. (2000). "Nickel". Ullmann'due south Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_157.
- ^ a b c "Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals", Pradniak, Pradyot; McGraw-Hill Publications,2002
- ^ Di Girolamo, Diego; Matteocci, Fabio; Kosasih, Felix Utama; Chistiakova, Ganna; Zuo, Weiwei; Divitini, Giorgio; Korte, Lars; Ducati, Caterina; Di Carlo, Aldo; Dini, Danilo; Abate, Antonio (August 2019). "Stability and Dark Hysteresis Correlate in NiO‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells". Advanced Energy Materials. nine (31): 1901642. doi:10.1002/aenm.201901642. S2CID 199076776.
- ^ Hüfner, S. (1994-04-01). "Electronic structure of NiO and related 3d-transition-metal compounds". Advances in Physics. 43 (two): 183–356. Bibcode:1994AdPhy..43..183H. doi:ten.1080/00018739400101495. ISSN 0001-8732.
- ^ Kuiper, P.; Kruizinga, G.; Ghijsen, J.; Sawatzky, 1000. A.; Verweij, H. (1989). "Character of Holes in LitenNiane−xO and Their Magnetic Beliefs". Physical Review Letters. 62 (two): 221–224. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..62..221K. doi:x.1103/physrevlett.62.221. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10039954.
- ^ Mott, N. F. (1949). "The Ground of the Electron Theory of Metals, with Special Reference to the Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Concrete Club. Section A. 62 (7): 416–422. Bibcode:1949PPSA...62..416M. doi:10.1088/0370-1298/62/7/303. ISSN 0370-1298.
- ^ "Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide", U.Due south. Dept. of Wellness and Human Services, No. 451, 07/1996
- ^ a b English, J.C., Parker, R.D.R., Sharma, R.P. & Oberg, S.G. (1981). Toxicokinetics of nickel in rats after intratracheal administration of a soluble and insoluble form. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 42(vii):486-492.
- ^ Benson, J.M., Barr, Eastward.B., Bechtold, Due west.East., Cheng, Y-S., Dunnick, J.K., Eastin, W.Due east., Hobbs, C.H., Kennedy, C.H. & Maples, K.R. (1994). The fate of inhaled nickel oxide and nickel subsurface in F344/North rats. Inhal Toxicol 6(two):167-183.
- ^ a b National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1996). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide (CAS No. 1313-99-i) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (inhalation studies) The states DHHS. NTP TR 451. NIH Publication No.96-3367.
- ^ Sunderman, F.Due west., Hopfer, Due south.M., Knight, J.A., Mccully, K.South., Cecutti, A.G., Thornhill, P.G., Conway, K., Miller, C., Patierno, Due south.R. & Costa, M. (1987). Physicochemical characteristics and biological furnishings of nickel oxides. Carcinogenesis eight(ii):305-313.
- ^ IARC (2012). "Nickel and nickel compounds" IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, Book 100C: 169-218. (https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C-x.pdf).
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of xvi December 2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures, Amending and Repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 [OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p. 1]. Annex VI. www.eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008R1272 Accessed July 13, 2017.
- ^ Globally Harmonised Arrangement of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Fifth revised edition, United nations, New York, and Geneva, 2013. PDF unece.org Accessed July 13, 2017.
- ^ NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2016. "Report on Carcinogens", 14th Edition.; Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html Accessed July 13, 2017.
- ^ International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Human (ICNCM). (1990). Report of the International Commission on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man. Scan. J. Work Environ. Wellness. sixteen(one): i-82.
External links [edit]
- Bunsenite at mindat.org
- Bunsenite mineral data
moreaulithervithed.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29_oxide
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